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Local governments in Nigeria have developed over a number of years. The finding revealed that there is an average relationship between local government finance and development as other factors like proper utilization and administrative competence are necessary in development. 'ocal governments in, over a number of years. /Meta81 69 0 R 10. <>/XObject<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageB/ImageC/ImageI] >>/Annots[ 11 0 R 16 0 R 19 0 R 22 0 R 23 0 R] /MediaBox[ 0 0 612 792] /Contents 4 0 R/Group<>/Tabs/S/StructParents 0>>
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How do the estate, gift, and generation-skipping transfer taxes work? Cities can also raise revenues by increasing the number of transactions through various approaches. Ola Ventures. [/ICCBased 14 0 R]
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>Pu*wH:97CWW What was the experience with return-free filing in California? Dibie, R. A. Cities use fines as both a deterrent for behavior at odds with the public goodfor example, the accumulation and nondisposal of garbage or building construction without a temporary fenceand a revenue source. How have the sources of revenue for state and local governments changed over time? 5
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<< >> /F5 40 0 R >> Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative, Over 10 million scientific documents at your fingertips, Not logged in This effect is the strongest in mostly rural and sparsely populated areas where lignite is mined and used for power generation. /Pages 2 0 R For cities and counties, property tax revenue makes up 61% of own-source tax revenuerevenue from taxes the local government leviesby far their largest tax source. There is no one route that cities can or should take to boost revenues. These cities typically adopt one of two archetypes: an independent revenue monetization department that focuses on commercial aspects and acts as a strategic unit for generating revenues, or a commercial unit integrated into the finance department that is responsible for tracking progress of revenue targets. We have found that this effort has led to a year-over-year increase in municipal revenues of 30 percent. What are the sources of revenue for local governments? 9 o"A\|h9MxgZ(wpMk
UN==dN#R. How do taxes affect the economy in the long run? >> /F4 85 0 R Assessing Fiscal Capacities of States: A Representative Revenue SystemRepresentative Expenditure System Approach, Fiscal Year 2012. Washington DC: Urban Institute. /Type /Group Aransi, I. O. /Meta59 53 0 R
/Parent 2 0 R https://www.grin.com/document/293498. /F2 83 0 R In general, this intervention represents the horizon for innovation across all revenue streams. /Type /Page 3.16.1 Introduction. The authentic confucius: A life of thought and politics. /F10 61 0 R /Resources << Revenue from charges, fees, and miscellaneous sources increased from 15 percent to 23 percent in 1985 and has remained roughly at that level since then (figure 2). A 2016 study conducted by the Australia Institute concluded that the Finnish model would yield a 12 percent increase on average in the value of fines issued by five states in Australia. Form 2, or on the appropriate line on Nebraska and Local Sales and Use Tax Return, Form 10 . /Image8 18 0 R Candice Ferrette and Robert Brodsky, Red-light camera revenues jump in Nassau County,. 13 0 obj How does the availability of tax-favored retirement saving affect national saving? /Resources << The study concludes that local government finance has a great impact on development as it is a major factor in getting adequate financial resources and has become a problem because of political inference in local government affairs. /F4 23 0 R /GS31 30 0 R /F6 25 0 R /S /Transparency <>stream
How does the current system of international taxation work? N x- [ 0}y)7ta>jT7@t`q2&6ZL?_yxg)zLU*uSkSeO4?c. R
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Cities could also increase value from unused land plots through monetizing them either as lease contracts or through other more innovative publicprivate partnership structures, such as joint development agreements or joint ventures (Exhibit 4). State governments collected $2.2 trillion of general revenues in 2019. How does the tax exclusion for employer-sponsored health insurance work? This was localities largest single source of tax revenue. The American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 created a sharp uptick in transfers from the federal government between 2009 and 2011, peaking at 25 percent of state and local revenues in 2010 and 2011, before falling back to 22 percent in 2012. #$
e-`w6w What does the IRS do and how can it be improved? The principal aims of creating local governments were as follows: 1.
We strive to provide individuals with disabilities equal access to our website. Cities that successfully cultivate a mixture of actions can dramatically improve their fiscal health and improve services for their residents. Los Angeles, for example, charges higher fees for expedited permitting and licensing processes. xb```b``a`24(!"
The revenue systems of these governments eroded while the workloads and scope on the expenditure side of the state and local system budget . What is the tax treatment of charitable contributions? What is the breakdown of revenues among federal, state, and local governments? 2
share. What would the tax rate be under a national retail sales tax? A., & Adewoye, J. O. To address this problem, requires proper implementation of plans directed at enhancing adequate revenue generation. Once cities have identified their field of options, they must consider several questions before jumping into implementation: Which streams and interventions can generate the most revenues with a limited impact on stakeholders? How might the tax exclusion for employer-sponsored health insurance (ESI) be reformed? 7 0 obj /F2 21 0 R 6. Introduce innovative fees and charges. What are automatic stabilizers and how do they work? Rakson Nigeria Ltd. Okotoni, O. The history of man has sho#n that, No system or rules can be effective #heth, er foreign or nature unless it en%oys some, measures of financial independence. /Parent 2 0 R Revenue: Sources of revenue to local and state governments in Nigeria (in) state and local government in Nigeria: The changing scene. A limited number of charges and taxes ensures higher social acceptance and minimal collection leakage. Professional Import Duties Administrators How might low- and middle-income households be encouraged to save? \~x2{w6HZpV1 ~eh5u*d*pn1gs9WzfY+W)hh,O`\`k}[rHyU ;18HXS-xep]#2 jAI740-+-=tk3zdSzn*Qv8tC>"mTv{
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J'%3U4oHnkb~u*k.[pg /Group << State and Local Finance Data: Exploring the Census of Governments. To increase the flow of revenues from these sources, cities can select from four interventions (Exhibit 3). OECD fiscal decentralization database (object name Table 12: 1970 2016), OECD, accessed April 15, 2019, oecd.org. That amount includes intergovernmental transfers from the federal government but not transfers between state and local governments (which is why the combined total is less than the sum of the separate state and local totals listed below). Lucy Dadayan (reports are updated quarterly), Surveying State Leaders on the State of State Taxes Eneanya, A. N. (2012). What are itemized deductions and who claims them? /Group << In general, cities draw from four types of sources that each include numerous levers (Exhibit 2).
OECD fiscal decentralization database (object name Table 12: 1970 2016), OECD, accessed April 15, 2019, oecd.org. /GS31 30 0 R >> /Type /Page Two Decades in Effect: Volume-Based Waste Fee System in South Korea, Ministry of Environment, South Korea, January 2016. AMA is one of the most resourced MMDAs >> . As such, federal transfers as a share of local general revenue will likely look different for these yearsbut Census has not yet published that data. X-ray of Local government administration in Nigeria. /Meta78 65 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 595.32 842.04] xX8oANvfvV{9nv$&HZ
/4WU|y Y[|)|EB;$Oy,x>_$x/ What criticisms are levied against standard distributional analysis? /Parent 2 0 R Local governments received about 32 percent of their general revenue from state government transfers (including indirect federal funds) and 4 percent directly from the federal government. Local governments collected $509 billion from property taxes in 2017, or 30 percent of local government general revenue. <>>>
Before cities can begin to optimize their revenues, they must first compile an inventory of existing revenue streams.
Optimizing land monetization has the potential to double baseline revenue from income-generating assets. Even though what the local government had generated from internal and external sources have impacted the area to an extent, local government finance system i.e. /CS /DeviceRGB But presently, the level of development in rural areas since when local government authorities have been created is not encouraging. 2. Taxes accounted for 42 percent of local general revenue in 2017. (2016).
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1 0 obj PubMedGoogle Scholar, Insitute of African Studies, Carleton University, Ottawa, Canada, 2022 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG, Ntiwunka, G., Ayodele, T.M. What options would increase federal revenues? How large are the tax expenditures for retirement saving? What is the Medicare trust fund, and how is it financed? Cities that want to implement new charges will be more likely to build public support if such measures both induce positive behavior and have a clear, equitable, and risk-averse public benefit. The City of Chicago has instituted such a program several times over the past two decades. INTRODUCTION Nigeria is a sovereign nation. For example, revenue KPIs could include the annual increase in revenue per lever, while nonrevenue KPIs could define targets for each lever and its corresponding interventions, such as the annual increase in the number of violations detected. Assets can include land monetization (such as land used by telcos for cell towers), appreciating land values, and commercial advertisements in public spaces, public markets, and shopping centers. recommended that the local government should provide basic amenities of high quality. >> With initial adjustments for relevance and size of potential revenue impact, cities can select the most promising streams as revenue generators. /XObject << Gkq;T$iH5p6m&C~W]'%Yv$Jq * We also look into the future in an. How did the TCJA change the standard deduction and itemized deductions? the federal and state governments in Nigeria to boost revenue generation under a programme known as the Accelerated Revenue Generation (ARG) Programme. 2016. Revenue generation in Nigeria local governments is principally derived from TAX. McKinsey_Website_Accessibility@mckinsey.com. Much of the change in local government revenue relative to the economy resulted from increasing and decreasing transfers from federal and state governments. What is the difference between marginal and average tax rates? What are the sources of revenue for the federal government? Last, municipalities could increase revenues by implementing higher fees for faster processing times or better service. 4 0 obj
What are the economic effects of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act? Department of Political Science and Public Administration, PMB 4010, Babcock University, Ilishan-Remo, Ogun, Nigeria, You can also search for this author in Since residents often react negatively to actions that increase the cost of living, efforts to raise revenue through additional fees and taxes can be considered more acceptable when they also have a perceived public benefit.
/F5 40 0 R These three dimensions can be further broken down into factors for evaluation (Exhibit 5). How do taxes affect the economy in the short run? - 185.64.219.103. International Business Management, 3(3), 5460. What is the history of the federal budget process? Each time, the city brought in $7 million to $9 million in revenue. G$\0#?; /Meta52 49 0 R Do all people eligible for the EITC participate? What would and would not be taxed under a VAT? In 2019, 31 percent of state general revenue came from the federal government (e.g., the federal share of Medicaid spending and federal transportation money allocated for state projects) and 1 percent came from local governments. /StructParents 7 8 0 obj stream
>> Beyond central government funding, the primary revenue streams for municipal governments are service fees, fines, taxes, and assets such as buildings and properties. /Parent 2 0 R State and local governments collected a combined $3.5 trillion of general revenues in fiscal year 2019. << /Font << To serve as the third tier of government through #hich appropriate services and, development are made in response to the #ishes of local community through their, &. Learning theories: Their influence on teaching methods. nQt}MA0alSx k&^>0|>_',G! wG xR^[ochg`>b$*~ :Eb~,m,-,Y*6X[F=3Y~d tizf6~`{v.Ng#{}}jc1X6fm;'_9 r:8q:O:8uJqnv=MmR 4 >> 4. In contrast, revenues from charges steadily increased from 11 percent of general revenuein 1977 to 17 percent in 2019. 1. Revenue from property, sales, and other taxes totaled $707 billion, or 42 percent of general revenue. 14 0 obj
To guide price hikes, cities could use benchmarks to determine the acceptable range. What is the effect of a lower tax rate for capital gains? /F7 42 0 R Another 6percent of localgeneral revenue came from miscellaneous sources such as amounts received from the sale of property and interest from some investment securities. >> Revenue sources and economic growth in Nigeria: An appraisal. /Group << Fix the home. The rapid urbanization of the worlds population is well under way. endstream
Dubai introduces innovation fees for government transactions, Khaleej Times, January 30, 2018, khaleejtimes.com. >> <>/XObject<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageB/ImageC/ImageI] >>/Annots[ 13 0 R] /MediaBox[ 0 0 612 792] /Contents 4 0 R/Group<>/Tabs/S/StructParents 0>>
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The Political Economy of Colonialism and Nation-Building in Nigeria pp 325343Cite as. These fines would promote environmentally responsible behavior as well as create a viable revenue stream for the city.
Taxes provided 42 percent of local general revenues, including: Charges, such as city revenue from sewerage and parking fees, when combined, provided 18 percent of local general revenues in 2019. Fines. What characteristics make fiscal stimulus most effective? Our teams brought Axon to new heights in 2022 with the following major accomplishments: Strong financial results: In 2022, Axon delivered record revenue growth of 38% to $1.19 . xZs8hI6mzumvwn:ul7 z?0{v8,Vjq.W?_/NOfSXbyqhu0r}z2/6r>YmM%`@NUOv- CrossRef These factors often include volume of activity, location, and period of validity. %(zC]N"t~'ewd+*a[`.dP(wz)Vio+qjXvVmWHS%n}"GC3m*.#w+.T#p1f^HgC`|Mzcs,JX8/v>na,4t^}$$\X S:ds0{ws:yGu.%;x/\)F@!>od1v((EF|' >> /Meta65 57 0 R What tax incentives exist for higher education? x\KF+BGPpF^H bCfz(a11mGVV_faw1^o|mew5t'7=^$MDDRYTR7*::'W{o7/jBl\~?vM/ Arabian Journal of Business and Management Review (Nigerian Chapter), 1(10), 2435. /Contents 80 0 R City of Los Angeles Department of Public Works, Bureau of Engineering standard fee list. ^xQDe^w 83:Ou-5Eb73>#J!D/J& eXd3
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In Los Angeles, for instance, developers can obtain an expedited engineering permit for a surcharge of 40 percent of the permits cost. 68% of the world population projected to live in urban areas, un.org. What can state and local sales taxes tell us about a national retail sales tax? Who bears the burden of a national retail sales tax? general sales taxes and gross receipts taxes, Coronavirus Response and Relief Supplemental Appropriations Act, federal funds for local transportation projects, Surveying State Leaders on the State of State Taxes, More Than Fines and Fees: Incorporating Equity into City Revenue Strategies, State and Local Government Revenues and Racial Disparities, Assessing Fiscal Capacities of States: A Representative Revenue SystemRepresentative Expenditure System Approach, Fiscal Year 2012, Governing with Tight Budgets; Long Term Trends in State Finances, Center on Labor, Human Services, and Population, Metropolitan Housing and Communities Policy Center, 8 percent from selective sales taxes on purchases such as, 2 percent from selective sales taxes on purchases such as, 3 percent from other taxes such as a locality'staxes onhotel bookingsandrestaurant meals. >> endobj
What is global intangible low-taxed income and how is it taxed under the TCJA? /Tabs /S From 2010 to 2016, for example, central government funding as the share of total municipal revenue fell by approximately 12 percent, on average, across all countries in the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)
Contemporary issues in local government administration in Nigeria. /StructParents 4 The potential effect on electricity prices is discussed in the Additional Comments section below. I. I. ntroduction !ODL 2}PE^eF}6m 0|A
h%D|k[ What are the Social Security trust funds, and how are they financed? How did the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act change personal taxes? What kinds of tax-favored retirement arrangements are there? >> /ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageC /ImageI] <>
These meetings serve as a way to monitor progress and enable proper implementation. /Meta58 47 0 R stream
/Tabs /S It also excludes revenues from government's "business-like" activities such as water, gas, electricity, and transit utilities; government-run liquor stores; and government-administered insurance trusts such as employee retirement, unemployment compensation, and workers compensation systems. /F3 84 0 R Theoretically the study was supported with the Efficiency and Development theories. startxref
12 0 obj How do phaseouts of tax provisions affect taxpayers? <>stream
Journal of Economics and Sustainable Development, 7(8),113123. 4 0 obj Accessed 18 July 2016. >> /ExtGState << /Image87 74 0 R Maintaining public support is critical to the longer-term viability of such efforts, and cities must create an attractive business climate. Cover cost to serve where possible. /ExtGState << Allocating resource revenues directly to citizens may reduce poverty and improve natural resource revenue accountability, though it may also starve the government of revenues for public investments. /Parent 2 0 R % /F1 20 0 R ;nUG]~[ sp!@Q06"NY;k
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>> Prior to the 2011 state income tax increase local governments received a 10.0% share of the income tax revenue. /MediaBox [0 0 595.32 841.92] <>
And what is feasible to achieve? /Meta44 31 0 R /F1 20 0 R >> /Image8 18 0 R The reforms #hich gave recognition to, the local level #ere ta$en care of. What are the sources of revenue for state governments? /Meta64 58 0 R Lack of proper provision and maintenance of social amenities, lack of well-trained staff especially revenue staff and so on are some of the results of lack of proper funding of local government in Nigeria. D$IOS|O+kJp> Nchuchuwe, F. F. Local government finance in Nigeria in Olojede, I., Fajonyomi, B., & Fatile, J. /Im2 19 0 R As a result of these twin trends, a majority of the municipalities around the world are struggling to increase revenues while facing structural budget shortfalls that threaten service delivery and quality. Following the clear identification of interventions and opportunities, cities can set priorities based on social acceptance, economic impact, and ease of implementation. /F4 23 0 R 10
/Tabs /S
Please email us at: 68% of the world population projected to live in urban areas by 2050, says UN, United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, May 16, 2018, un.org. As presently contained in the 1999 constitution, local governments receive 20 percent of the federation account. /Kids [4 0 R 5 0 R 6 0 R 7 0 R 8 0 R 9 0 R 10 0 R 11 0 R 12 0 R 13 0 R] What are the major options for comprehensive tax reform? This intervention includes expanding the sheer quantity of service offerings and assets, extending charges to a larger user base, or increasing the frequency of surveillance and inspection for selected fine sources to maximize detection of violations. To address this problem, requires proper implementation of plans directed at enhancing adequate revenue generation. University Press. /StructParents 9 What does it mean for a government program to be off-budget? 9evelopment is highly associated #ith, much revenue is needed to plan, execute and maintain infrastructures and facilities, developmental pro%ects li$e construction of accessible roads, building of public, schools, health care centers, construction of bridges among others are sources, generated from taxes, royalties, haulages, fines and, international governments. Who bears the burden of federal excise taxes? Keywords: Local Government, Administration, Finance, Decentralization, Nigeria, Iwo Introduction One area which has remained neglected over time by the local governments in Nigeria is revenue generation. /MediaBox [0 0 595.32 842.04] 2 0 obj /XObject << /MediaBox [0 0 595.32 842.04] /ExtGState << /F1 20 0 R Economic development in the Third World (12th ed.). Indeed, each citys situation is inherently different and will require a unique combination of interventions and careful consideration to ensure the program is both economically and politically feasible. /Type /Group 0000000532 00000 n
/F1 20 0 R >> or improve local service delivery, though the opposite can also be true. 3 0 obj
/GS7 17 0 R (2011). revenue generation still remains poor due to local government being unable to exploit revenue areas because of the interference of State Government in local government affairs. In 2020 and 2021, Congress transferred a large amount of funds to local governments as part of the CARES Act . >> What is the role of monetary policy in alleviating economic downturns? /Type /Page Taxes, fees, and user charges are considered "own-source" revenue. Through leases, joint ventures, and joint development agreements, municipalities can generate additional income. Gross Domestic Product, Third Quarter 2018 (Second Estimate); Corporate Profits, Third Quarter 2018 (Preliminary Estimate).. %PDF-1.5
Since 1977, property taxes as a share of combined state and local general revenues have declined while charges have increased. /Image8 18 0 R
The revenue generation is not exceptional to :muahia North, Do not sell or share my personal information. endobj /CS /DeviceRGB Tracy Gordon, Richard C. Auxier, and John Iselin (2016), Governing with Tight Budgets; Long Term Trends in State Finances /Producer (iText 1.3 by lowagie.com \(based on itext-paulo-153\)) <>
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