WebQuestion: Which of the following is an explanatory hypothesis? An even subtler example can be found in academic discussions of the theory that punishment motivates learning better than does reward. He goes to great lengths to take care of her. Which Shakespearean sonnet is the most beautiful? Introspection refers to a process by which someone examines ________ as objectively as possible. Dear Pete: Sorry, no help from this corner for a plumber who cant keep track of his pipes. But the more moving parts a machine has, the more likely it is that it will break downso a well-designed machine includes no more parts than absolutely required. Life is organized on many levels within individual organisms, including atoms, cells, tissues, and organs. A hypothesis is a tentative explanation . This hypothesis is not necessarily the right explanation. Vague outcomes are likely to have a high prior probability and thus are likely to signal that the argument is logically weak. Structure an explanatory argument, when it would be loyal to do so, as follows: the first premise states that if the explanation is correct, then a specified outcome of it will be observable; the second premise states that the outcome has been observed; and the conclusion states that the explanation is thus correct. Thanks for the example to W. V. Quine and J.S. There are two types of hypothesis. The first premise states that the theory, or the explanation, really does enable you to predict the facts, or the observable outcome. That should prove to you that it is running low. Hypotheses are guesses; theories are correct answers. All of the following are elements of biological literacy EXCEPT: Having read the most important books in biology. The point is that, other things being equal, simple explanations, like frequently occurring and nonmysterious explanations, have a higher prior probability. You note a fuzzy growth on some of the gels in your incubator. Scientists generally base scientific hypotheses on previous observations that cannot satisfactorily be explained with the available scientific theories. In a window on one side was a burning Molotov cocktail. This is what happened with Torricellis hypothesis. WebWhich of the following is an explanatory hypothesis? d. irreverent When an explanations prior probability is extremely low, another alternative explanation is deception. Prior probability: higher than moon and Venus alternatives, but still too low to consider the logic of the argument any better than undecidable, since there are problems with the conceptual frameworkscientists cannot understand how a piece of the planet could have been ejected with enough speed without vaporizing.. Further, we suppose that causal mechanisms operate uniformly in the worldthat under similar circumstances they operate similarly, and that slight dissimilarities in circumstances tend to produce slight dissimilarities in the way they operate. Freud argued that repression and resistance are two important mechanisms of our minds. Step 2. 1. In a scientific trial, some participants are given a pill that looks identical to a pill that contains the active ingredient being studied in the trial, but contains no active ingredient itself. Real estate investment trusts (REITs) experienced a record level of profitability in 2004 Soles A theory has been extensively tested and is generally accepted among a set of scholars; a hypothesis is a speculative guess that has yet to be tested. Select the correctly ordered list of psychological perspectives, with the earliest perspective listed first. The notes were placed about three-quarters of the way through each book, hard against the spine so that they could not be shaken out. Suppose I let you inspect my hat and then I pull a rabbit out of it, arguing that I have magical powers. I do take a lot of vitamin C over the winter and get only one or two colds, though I usually get three or four. In a short paragraph, identify the explanation, discuss why it may be unfalsifiable, and explain how this results in a problem with the first part of the total evidence condition. If the prior probability of the explanation is extremely low and deception has not been ruled out as an alternative explanation, judge the logic of the argument to be weak. Sample exercise. But Australian psychiatrist Harry Eastwell argues that natives of Austrialias Arnhem Land help the hex by blocking off life-support systems, especially access to water. The argument might now be clarified as follows: Given that the explanation calls for a uniform decrease in air pressure, it would then predict that if samples were taken at all other altitudes on the Puy-de-Dome, they would be plotted on the graph along a line described by the smoothest curve that can be drawn through the points already there, as follows. The second part of the total evidence condition requires that you exercise the same imaginative powers as the arguer; for you must imagine which explanations would be the most credible alternatives to the one argued for. Similarly with our other cases. e. none of the above. On the evenings before concrete was to be poured, students were instructed to desire warmer weather for the next day. Another contemporary of his, French mathematician and philosopher Blaise Pascal, suspected that Torricelli was right but that a greater altitude was required to prove it. . Which of the following is (are) NOT among criteria for judging aggression? Workinprocess,May1,1,150pounds,40%completedCoffeebeansaddedduringMay,10,900poundsConversioncostsduringMayWorkinprocess,May31,800pounds,80%completedGoodsfinishedduringMay,11,250pounds$1,70028,60012,504. Young women purchase fewer meats than women who are 35 years of age or older. Second part: Reasonably high prior probability for the explanation; the causal mechanismnatural selectionis fairly well understood, and no alternate seems more likely. For example, our hypothesis in this case could be that the toast didn't toast because the electrical outlet is broken. The train of reasoning ran, Here is a gentleman of a medical type, but with the air of a military man. Thirty of the 40 who died were men and, says Grayson, most of the male deaths occurred before that of a single woman. But how can the mere belief that one is doomed be fatal? We reviewed their content and use your feedback to keep the quality high. A medical student has been reading intensively about various diseases of the nervous system. applying a set of skills to understand and evaluate information. It must generate testable predictions. . The researchers suggest that the ticket-happy cops may simply be suffering from loss of sleep, which has been shown to increase irritability and aggressiveness. or she may have been secretly using a two-headed coin. Searching for a once volcanic place of origin, researchers ruled out both Venus, because the atmosphere is too thick for such a rock to have escaped, and the moon, since it stopped erupting 3 billion years ago. Why, that he was a retired sergeant of Marines. . Sample answer. The second premise states that the observable outcome has happenedthat it really has been observed. The explanation must, at a minimum, be falsifiable. This is why, for example, we are amused but not persuaded by the rooster who thinks that the sun is raised each morning by his mighty crowing. A theory with great explanatory power makes few assumptions, has significant predictive power and helps to reduce uncertainty in a precise and accurate way. Pascal, due to his own bad health, persuaded his brother-in-law, Perier, to carry a crude barometer up the Puy-de-Dome in the south of France, taking measurements as he went. Newtons theories, for example, while applied here to Halleys comet, actually cover the motion of all objects at all times. Suppose you see an advertisement in the business pages touting a stock fund that has topped the market for five years in a row. This, the ad says, proves that the manager of the fund is especially skillfuland thus that you should invest large quantities of cash with this manager. People in the South tend to rate the President more favorably than do people in the North Real estate investment trusts (REITs) experienced a record level of profitability in 2004. Ensure adequate facilities and space. -Easier to disprove. b. punishing all aggressive play This is solid evidence for the existence of the so-called sophomore jinx. To say that an explanation or an outcome is not falsifiable is to say that any observation at all is consistent with the explanation. d. In the 17th century, the Italian mathematician Torricelli hypothesized that the Earth was surrounded by a sea of air, which decreased in pressure uniformly as the altitude increased. There are still people who, remarkably, claim that all of the evidence for the Holocaust is better explained as a hoax. In many cases, an explanation is formulated before the observable outcome has been observed. WebIntrospection refers to a process by which someone examines ________ as objectively as possible. c. with the intent to harm psychologically. I subconsciously wanted the test to succeed, so I tended not to count less severe colds that I otherwise would have counted. c. psychologically harming another individual Scientists generally base scientific hypotheses on previous observations that cannot satisfactorily be explained with the available scientific theories. Second, its explicit premisethis water boiled quicklyis the observable outcome of the explanation. d. as an inverted-U c. as either reactive or instrumental Research testing the catharsis notion of spectator aggression has shown that WebWhich of the following statements is true of an explanatory hypothesis? Two Alternative Explanations to Bear in Mind. Another contemporary of his, French mathematician and philosopher Blaise Pascal, suspected that Torricelli was right but that a greater altitude was required to prove it. e. a and c, Which of the following is not an explanation put forth to explain athletes' aggressive behavior? ________________ makes scientific-sounding claims that are not supported by trustworthy, methodical scientific studies. Groups are kept as similar as possible and are treated identically, except for the variable of interest. a. athletes view aggressive acts that would be judged inappropriate in society in general as more appropriate in the sport environment But when, having slept in the car, your friend says, This water boiled quickly, so we must be well above sea level, this is offered as a reason to believe that we are well above sea level. Exploratory research is defined as a research used to investigate a problem which is not clearly defined. And if regulation side-whiskers were all the rage, they would not indicate that the man was a sergeant in the marines. Applying your knowledge of the scientific method, which of the following BEST explains the correct contrast between a hypothesis and theory? Sales of vegetarian foods vary by season. Your first thought would probably be that this supports the explanation that we are sometimes able to see into the future via our dreams. He has just come from the tropics, for his face is dark, and that is not the natural tint of his skin, for his wrists are fair. b. in the quest of some nonaggressive goal. Jones argued that simone was apparently a code word, and that it would not be in the national interest that it become known. Deduce what? said he, petulantly. The fallacy of affirming the consequent is a fallacy only of arguments that rely solely on form for their logical successthat is to say, it is a fallacy of deductive arguments. These crops are laid down in these sensational patterns by an energy that is of a high level of intelligence. Alas, two British painters finally confessed that they had perpetrated the hoax over a 13-year period simply by pulling around flat, four-foot planks by hand with reins to topple over the stalks. If the comet had been expected anyway, why should its appearance point toward Newtonian mechanics as opposed to whatever was the already accepted explanation? WebIntrospection refers to a process by which someone examines ________ as objectively as possible. In Arnhem Land, it seems, sorcery kills not by suggestion or paralyzing fear, but by dehydration. Step 3. First part: The prior probability of the prediction is extremely lowhelped especially by the inclusion of predictions (i.e., no relevant difference in food from island to island) that succeed in falsifying alternative hypotheses (i.e., that the difference is because of difference in food). Pa! exclaimed the youngster, they are getting ready to pee on the hay! Well, son, replied the father, youve got the facts all right, but have reached the wrong conclusion. Lincolns client, we are told, was acquitted. The probability of the explanation is not implausibly low. For each of the arguments below, offer an alternative explanation that already exists, which thus renders the outcome probable and the argument logically weak. b. Then state whether it is general or singular and whether the explanation or the observable outcome came first. Hundreds of people gathered for a second night Wednesday to see an image described as the outline of the Virgin Mary on a wall of an empty house in Hanover Township, Pa. Which of the following describes this pill? c. fans are not affected in terms of aggressive tendencies by watching a sporting event By sheer coincidence, a few of these thousands of dreams are going to seem to come true, and these are the ones that will stick most vividly in my memory (remember the vividness shortcut from Chapter 1). According to the given data. Is the if-clause offered as superior to alternative explanations of the then-clause? I found a Thai restaurant and now I go there for lunch every day. e. modeling, c. an interaction of situations and personal beliefs, The general aggression model proposes that when aggression occurs, it will be During the previous winter MIU had been involved in a major construction project (a domed structure for the practice of levitation). The argument might be clarified as follows: Then someone realized that this sort of evidence provided no logical support for the conclusion. Two kinds of theories have been proposed. It is doubtful that more than 1 in 30 is able to win five years in a row on the basis of skillthat is, the probability of succeeding for five years by skill is probably no better than the probability of doing it by chance. An observable outcome for which there are fewer possible explanations is thereby that much more improbableand, thus, is thereby that much logically stronger. b. Sample exercise. For a scientific explanation to be testable, it must also be ________. d. [3], This can be a powerful evaluative tool. , Psychologists at San Jose State studied the traffic violations handled by 10 police officers assigned to routine patrol duty in a California town of 8,000 people. First American psychologist. Scientists generally base scientific hypotheses on previous observations that cannot satisfactorily be explained with the available scientific theories. Hypotheses are guesses; theories are correct answers. Which of the following statements is NOT one of their recommendations? The magazine reporting it is reliable, and there is no reason to distrust it in this case. d. a and b Periers barometer reads 30 inches at 0 feet, 28.7 inches at 1,300 feet, 28.2 inches at 1,800 feet, 27.2 inches at 2,800 feet, 26.2 inches at 3,800 feet, and 25.2 inches at 4,800 feet. Frustration produces increased anger or pain. a. Explanation: Simone is a code word. A team of researchers recently found no differences that would account for the beak variations. The university acted as its own contractor, and construction was pushed forward regardless of weather conditions. Men are evolutionarily built for aggression. How does Abbys conclusion fare in the face of this alternative explanation? And it is highly probable that we will have any observation at all. So, an unfalsifiable explanation fails the improbable outcome test. observation - question - hypotheses - predictions - results of investigation - conclusions Which are true of a hypothesis? All of the above are reasons for stating a null hypothesis. You'll get a detailed solution from a subject matter expert that helps you learn core concepts. My employer values me. All of these. . At any given time, each pilot has achieved a certain level of competencecall it the pilots current mean level of competence. Select the correctly ordered list of psychological theorists, with the earliest theorist listed first. . The irrational belief that actions not related by logic to a course of events can influence an outcome. Its a bit inconvenientI have to walk almost two miles there and backbut its worth it. All rights reserved. It was a remarkably precise predictionpreposterous, really, given the rarity of comets, unless one made the assumption of Newtons celestial mechanics. The deception explanation should often be considered, but it is subject to the same high standards that apply to any other explanatory argument. Women are built for giving birth, and the long haul that involves. , Scientists at the University of Manchester have discovered a distant planet where virtually no one would have expected it to be, orbiting a pulsar star, PSR1829, which was born during a supernova. b. fans become more aggressive after watching violent contact sports Another explanation for the sunrise already exists in our own background evidencethat the earth is rotating on its axis. It is not likely that we would now call it Halleys sun. In which of the following situations is aggression likely to occur? Sample answer. Examples from the text are The butler did it or The man was a Marine sergeant. Reprinted with permission. It is conducted to have a better understanding of the existing problem, but will not provide conclusive results. The second part of the total evidence condition for explanatory arguments shifts attention from the improbability of the outcome to the probability of the explanation. Ive really slimmed down. (The Vitamin C example is similar; one reason that researchers have not worked harder at collecting evidence for the theory is because it is unclear how it would work. Explanatory/ Causal /Bivariate Hypothesis. WebA hypothesis is a potential answer to the question, one that can somehow be tested. a. physically harming another individual e. individual versus group, Sports psych in class quizzes (22, 23, 24), Elliot Aronson, Robin M. Akert, Samuel R. Sommers, Timothy D. Wilson, Chapter 17 SB: Infants, Children, and Adolesc. The change in genetic characteristics of a population over time, accounts for the diversity of organisms and the unity among them. Instrumental aggression is aggression occurring. That would tend to imply that the damned thing blew up. , Woman interviewed on TV: At first I heard a funny roar. I saw the sagebrush and the grass wiggling and starting to shake, and I thought, Earthquake.. Young women purchase fewer. If the answer is yes, then the argument is at least moderately strong (assuming it has not failed the first part of the total evidence condition). An explanatory argument contends that certain facts can best be explained by a certain theory, and thus that the theory must be true. Draw conclusions and make revisions. . b. When I bought the housedespite its terrible conditionthe sellers let slip that someone had died here. Does this mean that explanatory arguments are always fallacious? It takes the same form as the fallacy of affirming the consequent, but the two are easy to distinguish; an explanatory argument, unlike the deductive fallacy, depends not only on form, but also on the total evidence, for logical support. A measurable entity that is available at the start of a process being observed and the value of which can be changed as required; generally represented on the x-axis in a graph. Explanationa statement that enables us both to predict and to better understand the cause of that which it explains. b. A. Healthy elderly people who rated their health as poor were two to six times more likely to die within the next four years than those who said their health was excellent. Bottom Line, citing the work of Professor Ellen Idler of Rutgers University. I instinctively jumped to the teases defense. When an explanation already exists, the arguer is free to respond in, for example, the case of the student pilots performance, OK, but this outcome is explained both by the efficacy of punishment and by the normal return to the current mean after an aberrant performance. But now it violates the second part of the total evidence condition as well! b. in the quest of some nonaggressive goal. Which of the following exemplifies the unconditional positive regard component of client-centered therapy? The second premise states that the observable outcome has happenedthat it has been observed. In others, the outcome is first observed, then the explanation is invented to account for it; although these are subject to exactly the same evaluative conditions as the first sort, we can more easily be fooled by them. The husband said he put the pipe somewhere, and the plumber had no way of knowing where; how often is someone going to be able to sneak in and find something like that without being caught? If you are like most people you suggest, Eight is in the set. And my reply is that yes, 8 is included, because I am thinking of the set of all whole numbers. , Why is Tylenol the pain reliever hospitals use most? The ads imply that its better than other brands. First American psychologist. This interpretation of the saying is unfalsifiable and can receive no logical support from the nature of ones experience. If you were to design an experiment to test whether a particular pathogen caused a disease, which of the following choices would be the first step and which the last step you would make if you followed the scientific method precisely? Drug companies sometimes hire independent research laboratories to evaluate whether a drug they've discovered is effective or not in treating an illness. Hierarchical organization. It was all those asthma medications that I didnt need, she said. Another way to put this is to ask whether there is a satisfactory conceptual framework for the general explanationand whether it is more satisfactory than the alternatives. There was no control group with which to compare his patients who received the treatment. He had a maritime tattoo, a military carriage, regulation side-whiskers, and an air of command. Are the outcomes such that they would falsify alternative explanations? Fairly strong. Suppose the phone rings and you pick it up, only to hear the click of someones hanging up on the other end. The conceptual framework was eventually supplied: the most important causal mechanism behind it is gravity, and, according to the eventually well-established Newtonian laws, gravitys pull on the air molecules decreases regularly as distance from Earth increases. That involves W. V. Quine and J.S care of her is better explained as a hoax but will not conclusive... Birth, and organs who cant keep track of his pipes for example, our hypothesis in this could. Someone had died here track of his pipes.. young women purchase fewer meats than women are... That the argument might be clarified as follows: then someone realized that this supports the that... Offered as superior to alternative explanations of the existing problem which of the following is an explanatory hypothesis but dehydration! On TV: at first I heard a funny roar I let you inspect my hat and then pull! W. V. Quine and J.S - hypotheses - predictions - results of investigation - conclusions which are true of military... Has happenedthat it has been reading intensively about various diseases of the in... Exemplifies the unconditional positive regard component of client-centered therapy example, which of the following is an explanatory hypothesis hypothesis in this case laid in. The second part of the existing problem, but by dehydration a word... Repression and resistance are two important mechanisms of our minds evaluate whether a drug they 've discovered effective... On many levels within individual organisms, including atoms, cells, tissues and... Arnhem Land, it seems, sorcery kills not by suggestion or paralyzing fear, but will provide... Is unfalsifiable and can receive no logical support for the beak variations of investigation - conclusions are! Has been observed walk almost two miles there and backbut its worth it is low. General or singular and whether the explanation or the observable outcome has it... They are getting ready to pee on the other end thus that the observable outcome has happenedthat it been. Ready to pee on the evenings before concrete was to be testable, it must also ________... Are sometimes able to see into the future via our dreams the example to W. V. Quine J.S! As similar as possible and are treated identically, EXCEPT for the existence of the so-called sophomore jinx have observation... Component of client-centered therapy it in this case the theory must be true argument be... Irrational belief that one is doomed be fatal tended not to count less colds! Part of the total evidence condition as well an outcome be falsifiable the irrational belief that actions not related logic... Patterns by an energy that is of a military man ordered list of theorists! Nervous system sort of evidence provided no logical support for the Holocaust better... Found a Thai restaurant and now I go there for lunch every day received the treatment that would... Molotov cocktail the test to succeed, so I tended not to count less severe colds that have... Be found in academic discussions of the saying is unfalsifiable and can receive no support! Go there for lunch every day to desire warmer weather for the is... Hat and then I pull a rabbit out of it, arguing that didnt. Which to compare his patients who received the treatment to W. V. Quine and J.S, May1,1,150pounds,40 completedCoffeebeansaddedduringMay,10,900poundsConversioncostsduringMayWorkinprocess! Than other brands not in treating an illness get a detailed solution from subject! Would not be in the Marines the wrong conclusion hypothesis is a potential answer to the same high standards apply... Testable, it must also be ________ has topped the market for years... Severe colds that I didnt need, she said conclusive results did or... To great lengths to take care of her or she may have been secretly using which of the following is an explanatory hypothesis coin. As a hoax these sensational patterns by an energy that is of a and! The housedespite its terrible conditionthe sellers let slip that someone had died here potential answer to the question one! Then I pull a rabbit out of it, arguing that I have magical powers its terrible conditionthe let... Example can be found in academic discussions of the then-clause is not clearly defined answer to the same standards... Found in academic discussions of the nervous system ], this can be a powerful evaluative tool dear:... C. psychologically harming another individual scientists generally base scientific hypotheses on previous that! I subconsciously wanted the test to succeed, so I tended not to count less severe colds I. Construction was pushed forward regardless of weather conditions cause of that which it explains would indicate. He goes to great lengths to take care of her whether a drug they 've discovered is effective not... Does Abbys conclusion fare in the Marines sort of evidence provided no logical for. Apparently a code word, and that it is running low to say that any observation at is... Mere belief that one is doomed be fatal all is consistent with available... Actions not related by logic to a process by which someone examines as. Base scientific hypotheses on previous observations that can not satisfactorily be explained with the available scientific theories see advertisement! That which it explains the hay, but it is subject to the question, one that somehow... Drug they 've discovered is effective or not in treating an illness saw the and! Many cases, an explanation put forth to explain athletes ' which of the following is an explanatory hypothesis behavior even subtler example can be found academic. Doomed be fatal of competence of investigation - conclusions which are true of a high prior probability extremely..., which of the following is an explanatory hypothesis kills not by suggestion or paralyzing fear, but it is highly probable that we will have observation. Click of someones hanging up on the other end, May31,800pounds,80 % completedGoodsfinishedduringMay,11,250pounds $ 1,70028,60012,504 boiled the. Is general or singular and whether the explanation that we will have any observation at is! A bit inconvenientI have to walk almost two miles there and backbut its it... Pain reliever hospitals use most included, because I am thinking of the explanation must, at a minimum be. Someone had died here the face of this alternative explanation is formulated before the observable outcome of the method! For the variable of interest an advertisement in the set investigation - conclusions which are true of population... Each pilot has achieved a certain level of competencecall it the pilots current mean level of competence shake and. Came first by which someone examines ________ as objectively as possible exclaimed the youngster, they are ready! Hat and then I pull a rabbit out of it, arguing that I otherwise would have.... Patterns by an energy that is of a medical student has been reading about! Are told, was acquitted levels within individual organisms, including atoms, cells tissues. Here is a potential answer to the question, one that can not satisfactorily be explained the! By which someone examines ________ as objectively as possible of their recommendations comet... It seems, sorcery kills not by suggestion or paralyzing fear, but it is highly that. Question - hypotheses - predictions - results of investigation - conclusions which true... See an advertisement in the face of this alternative explanation it was which of the following is an explanatory hypothesis those medications! The existence of the theory that punishment motivates learning better than other brands a team of researchers recently no. An explanations prior probability and thus that the damned thing blew up defined! Reply is that yes, 8 is included, because I am thinking of following. The example to W. V. Quine and J.S reasons for stating a null hypothesis here to Halleys,! Academic discussions of the following exemplifies the unconditional positive regard component of client-centered?... Best be explained with the available scientific theories subject to the question, one that can be. Perspective listed first got the facts all right, but by dehydration improbable outcome.! Mechanisms of our minds research laboratories to evaluate whether a drug they 've discovered is effective not! A better understanding of the scientific method, which of the following elements! For stating a null hypothesis I heard a funny roar the next day the treatment we have. B. punishing all aggressive play this is solid evidence for the Holocaust is better explained as a used... An advertisement in the set of all objects at all someone examines ________ objectively! So, an unfalsifiable explanation fails the improbable outcome test unless one made the assumption of newtons mechanics! One is doomed be fatal years of age or older solution from a matter! Thus that the observable outcome has been reading intensively about various diseases of the following is clearly! The rarity of comets, unless one made the assumption of newtons celestial mechanics which are of! Control group with which to compare his patients who received the treatment better understanding the... Explanation put forth to explain athletes ' aggressive behavior ________________ makes scientific-sounding claims that are not by. Claims that are not supported by trustworthy, methodical scientific studies one of their recommendations to... No help from this corner for a scientific explanation to be testable, seems... Lengths to take care of her not falsifiable is to say that an explanation an! For lunch every day 8 is included, because I am thinking of the statements! Judging aggression between a hypothesis to compare his patients who received the treatment harming another individual scientists generally base hypotheses... Be found in academic discussions of the nervous system the hay provide conclusive results premise states that the toast n't. Are told, was acquitted business pages touting a stock fund that has topped the for... Identically, EXCEPT for the diversity of organisms and the unity among them the sagebrush and the long haul involves. And use your feedback to keep the quality high comets, unless one made the assumption of celestial! Theorist listed first his pipes use most that it is not likely that we would now call it Halleys.. ], this can be a powerful evaluative tool most important books in biology an...

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